自发性细菌性腹膜炎(3)
肝硬化的患者发生上消化道出血后数天内有并发包括SBP在内的各种细菌感染的危险。因此,肝硬化合并上消化道出血的患者无论有无腹水均应予以抗生素预防感染。国际腹水俱乐部建议口服诺氟沙星400mgbid至少7天[8];英国胃肠道学会则建议口服环丙沙星500mgbid7天。
近来研究显示,严重的脾功能亢进(PLT<75000/mm3,WBC<2000/mm3)也是SBP的独立的危险因素。对于严重的脾功能亢进者,应预防性给予抗生素预防SBP的发生[16].
总之,自发性细菌性腹膜炎是肝硬化腹水的一种常见的严重并发症,其起病隐匿、临床表现及体征的识别多变,而且复发率、病死率均较高。因此,临床医生应高度警惕,适当放宽诊断性腹腔穿刺的指征和改善腹水培养方法是早期诊断SBP的有效措施。自发性细菌性腹膜炎一旦诊断明确,即应予以抗生素治疗,同时予以白蛋白治疗可以提高疗效。SBP发生后幸存者预后很差,合适的患者应考虑肝移植。发生过SBP的所有患者均应长期口服诺氟沙星预防SBP复发。合并消化道出血、腹水蛋白低于10g/L、严重脾功能亢进的肝硬化患者应予以抗生素治疗,预防SBP的发生。
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